Record High/Low on the Same Day With the Same Airmass

I think it depends on what you mean by "same air mass".

If you mean no frontal passage, no wind direction change, etc., then I'd say it would be doubtful.

The only scenario I can think of would be somewhere in the tropics where there is not a large diurnal temp range to begin with...then perhaps a heavy hail storm (which happens every year somewhere)...the ice would cool the near surface temp a bit by direct convection/conduction but also as the heat needed to melt the ice would be removed from the air.